Corrosion Stress Strain Behavior Of Small Size Plain Concrete

Introduction: It is widely known that many older reinforced concrete columns may suffer from an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement providing insignificant confining pressure to the concrete core. The seismic performance of these columns may thus be very poor due to their insufficient ductility or low concrete strength. Because the FRP composites owe some of the favorable properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, the use of FRP composites is nowadays become more common in the construction industry as a confining material for concrete to enhance the strength and ductility capacities of existing RC columns. To achieve a proper and safe design of FRP-confined rectangular RC columns, it is necessary to properly understand and model the axial stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete. The axial cyclic stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete is of particular importance in the seismic design of existing RC columns. Extensive experimental and analytical studies have been conducted to investigate the monotonic axial stress-strain behavior of small size plain concrete cylinders confined with FRP laminates (e.g., Lam and Teng 2002; Ilki and Kumbasar 2002; Lam and Teng 2003; Berthet et al. 2005; Almusallam 2007; Cui and Sheikh 2010; Wu and Zhou 2010). According to the literature, relatively few studies have included rectangular unreinforced concrete columns tested under axial monotonic loads (e.g., Youssef 2003; Rousakis et al. 2007); In contrast,Show MoreRelatedA Report On The Axial Stress Strain Behavior1034 Words   |  5 Pagesreinforced concrete columns, including particularly those RC columns constructed prior to the 1970s, may suffer from an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement providing insignificant confining pressure to the concrete core, and hence, the seismic performance of such columns may be very poor due to their insufficient ductility or low concrete strength. Since the FRP composites owe some of the fav orable properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistanceRead MoreDetermination of Pull Out Capacity of Steel Bar in Concrete7577 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of Research Steel-reinforced concrete is a widely used structural material. The effectiveness of the steel reinforcement depends on the bond between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. Reinforced concrete  is a composite material in which  concrete s  relatively low  tensile strength  and  ductility  are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarilyRead MoreLaboratory Evaluation Of Fibre Reinforced Soil9047 Words   |  37 Pagesengineering project. The concept of earth reinforcement with the help of fibrous materials is an ancient technique and has been demonstrated abundantly in nature by animals, birds and the action of tree roots. This fibrous reinforcement resists tensile stress developed within the soil mass thereby restricting shear failure. In this investigation, Recron 3S polypropylene fibre manufactured by Reliance India Ltd., has been used. Polypropylene Fibres are engineered micro fibers with a unique â€Å"Triangular†Read MoreFoundations Of The Building Transfer4083 Words   |  17 Pagesengineering properties of the soil at regular intervals, claim every 2 meters. Based within this deport, engineers designing the structure could decide at what depth of soil to deliver the foundations, the type of foundations they ought to provide, and the size of the foundations. Every once in some time, engineers will find fill for a site. This occurs when humans have previously dug in the earth there, and then filled it the government financial aid. This happens if a quarry was dug or maybe a buildingRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAnalysis Process 1.1 Three Reasons to Study Statistics 1 1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability 4 1.3 Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 7 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays 12 Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22 Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23 Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph 24 1 2 Collecting Data Sensibly 2.2 Sampling 32 27 2.1 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation 27 2.3 Simple Comparative Experiments 42 2.4 More on ExperimentalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswhich originated in Frankfurt and which is discussed in Chapter 8, is called critical theory. This approach overtly rejects managementorientated organization theory as both misconceived and unethical because it is only concerned with the problems of a small minority of people in organizations and therefore is inherently undemocratic. Instead, critical theorists aim to reveal the structures of oppression and injustice that are taken to be part of organizing in capitalist society, whose main beneficiaries

Psychological Adjustments for Hirschsprung’s Disease

Hirschsprung Disease Occurring once in approximately 5000 live births, Hirschsprung disease is a congenital abnormality characterized by the absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells in the colon preventing peristalsis and resulting in intestinal obstruction and abdominal distension. Also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon, this medical malady is an unfortunate anomaly of a very vulnerable population – infants and children. Hirschsprung disease can occur in otherwise healthy babies, but is commonly diagnosed in combination with Down’s syndrome and congenital heart defects. Functional outcomes, thanks to contemporary medical advances, are generally successful. As medical professionals, nurses play a significant role in helping patients achieve therapeutic goals. Therapeutic goals also include a level of psychological wellness in living with persistent bowel dysfunction after Hirschsprung surgery but few, if any, studies have addressed this likelihood. Focusing on the results after definitive surgical repair of Hirschsprung disease, the journal article, â€Å"An example of psychological adjustment in chronic illness: Hirschsprung’s disease† by Athanasakos, Starling, Ross, Nunn, and Cass, identifies outcomes in terms of psychiatric health. The primary aim of this study was to report overall outcomes after Hirschsprung surgery and to address the impact of the disease on the optimism for a normal life. Fecal soiling was identified as the most common problem for

Global Positioning System (Gps) Research Paper Free Essays

The  Global Positioning System  With the proliferation of satellite-based defense systems and their continuing presence in the media it makes us more aware of our national defense. The United States is large, economically strong and a sometimes tumultuous presence in the global community. Although we may feel secure because of our superior technology and defense capabilities, our size and position in world affairs can make us a target for some countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Positioning System (Gps) Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can no longer be concerned with just our borders and now what comes from the skies and the sea is more of a threat than ever before. The United States government had to develop a way to counter these possible attacks and the Global Positioning System (GPS) was conceived. The Global Positioning System was initiated in 1973 by the Department of Defense (DOD). It was developed by the the DOD because at a cost of over twelve billion dollars the government had the monetary resources to achieve these idealistic goals. Since that time it has grown from one satellite used strictly by the military to twenty-six satellites that can be used by civilians also. This satellite system is used to determine the speed and position of an object anywhere in the world within one hundred meters to mere millimeters depending on the size and quality of user equipment. (GPS JOINT PROGRAM OFFICE. ICD-GPS-200:GPS INTERFACE CONTROL DOCUMENT. ) The original purpose of GPS was to maintain a strategic military advantage over our enemies. Toward the end of the arms race the targeting of ballistic missiles became so exact they could land directly on an enemy missile silo and destroy any missiles inside of it. The ability to take out your enemies missiles from great distances had a major effect on the balance of power. To maintain the balance of power the United States government had to develop a way to locate surfacing submarines in a matter of minutes anywhere in the world. With the use of satellites in orbit the Global Positioning System was created. GPS uses twenty-six satellites and ground tracking stations around the world to compute distances using time. This is done by finding the difference between the time a signal is sent and the time it is received. The satellites have atomic clocks so the time is extremely accurate. The receivers position is determined by using three satellites, this is called triangulation. (kAPLAN,eLLIOTT. UNDERSTANDING GPS:PRINCPLES AND APPLICATIONS) GPS is made up of three segments: space, control and user. The space segment includes the satellites and the rockets that launch them from Cape Canaveral. The satellites are powered by solar cells and continuously point their  solar panels  toward the sun and their antennae toward earth. The control segment includes the master control station in Colorado and monitor stations around the world. This segment makes sure orbits and clocks operate within acceptable limits. The user segment includes the equipment used by the military and civilians who receive GPS signals. Kaplan, Elliott. UNDERSTANDING GPS:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS) The military applications of GPS are used in fighters, bombers, helicopters, submarines and soldier’s gear. Wartime defense is now more accurate and dependable than ever. While still the most important aspect of this technology, GPS is not used strictly for navigation anymore. Other uses include but are not limited to: target designation, air support, soldier rendezvous and â€Å"smart† weapons. â€Å"Smart† bombs use GPS to receive location information so they can guide themselves to a preset target. This technology is a great asset in battle as it basically casts a net over a battlefield and can locate tanks, vehicles or even soldiers who may be in immediate danger. In the everyday world, GPS has also made life easier and safer. Hikers and hunters can carry hand held receivers in case they should get lost in the wilderness. On-board navi destinations through voice-activated user equipment. Drivers can also make cellular calls using these GPS computers should something happen to them in transit. Other aspects of this technology are used in farming. Maps can be created of the fields during harvest and used the next season to plant and fertilize areas that need more attention. This increases crop production while reducing the use and expense of fertilizers, pesticides and fuel which also helps our environment. This process is called â€Å"Precision Farming’. Another very important use of GPS is the avoidance of in-flight collisions. Airlines are in the process of equipping their airplanes with GPS receivers. This will enable each aircraft to detect other planes in the vicinity and make sure they don’t cross paths in the air. This is much more accurate and reliable system than is currently available and is sure to make the people flying in these planes more comfortable and secure. The Global Positioning System has grown into a resource that goes far beyond the initial design goals. These days scientists, farmers, soldiers, pilots and delivery drivers are using GPS in ways that make their jobs safer and more productive. The benefits of GPS are not limited to job related aspects alone. The future of this technology is limitless and will change and develop rapidly as new and varied applications are introduced. Works Cited Bibliography Kaplan, Elliott. Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications. Boston: Artech house Publishers, 1996 Thompson, Steven D. An Introduction to GPS, (Everyman’s Guide To Satellite Navigation. ARINC Research Corporation, 1994 â€Å"The Untold Story of CALCM: The Secret Weapon Used in the Gulf War†. GPS World January 1995 page 16 GPS Joint Program Office. ICD-GPS-200:GPS Interface Control Document. ARINC Research Corporation. Available On-line from United States Coast Guard Navigation Center. Dana, Peter H. GPS User’s Overview. Available on-line at www. utexas. edu/depts/grg/gcraft/notes/gps/gps. h tml How to cite Global Positioning System (Gps) Research Paper, Essays